> ## Documentation Index > Fetch the complete documentation index at: https://docs.fexco.com/llms.txt > Use this file to discover all available pages before exploring further. # Currency precision > How ISO 4217 minor units apply to DCC amounts in rate requests, transaction files, and merchant boarding. This page explains how the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) 4217 minor unit standard determines the precision of amount fields across DCC integrations. The precision rules differ between rate service calls and transaction file formats, so it is important to apply the correct format in each context. ## Decimal places by currency ISO 4217 uses the concept of minor units to define the number of decimal places for each currency. For example, EUR has 2 minor units (cents), JPY has 0 minor units, and KWD has 3 minor units (fils). The following table lists the decimal places for currencies commonly used in DCC transactions. | Currency | Code | Decimal places | | :- | :- | :- | | Euro | EUR | 2 | | US dollar | USD | 2 | | British pound sterling | GBP | 2 | | UAE dirham | AED | 2 | | Malagasy ariary | MGA | 2 | | Namibian dollar | NAD | 2 | | Iraqi dinar | IQD | 3 | | Kuwaiti dinar | KWD | 3 | | Chilean peso | CLP | 0 | | Japanese yen | JPY | 0 | | Ugandan shilling | UGX | 0 | | Vietnamese dong | VND | 0 | For currencies not listed above, apply the decimal places defined by [ISO 4217](https://www.iso.org/iso-4217-currency-codes.html). See [Currency codes](https://docs.fexco.com/dcc/developer-resources/codes/currency.md) for a full list of ISO 4217 numeric and alphabetic codes. ## How precision applies in each integration area The decimal places for a currency affect how amounts are formatted in different parts of the DCC integration. The rules differ between rate service responses and transaction file formats. ### Rate service When you request a rate offer, the rate service response includes the minor unit count for the cardholder currency. Use this value to determine how many decimal places to apply when displaying the converted amount to the cardholder. > [!NOTE] > > For Visa compliance, currencies with 3 minor units are rounded to 2 decimal places in the rate > offer. See [Currency codes and minor units](https://docs.fexco.com/dcc/developer-resources/codes/currency.md#minor-units) for details. ### XML I-file In the XML I-file, the `baseAmount` and `transactionAmount` fields must include a decimal point and use the number of decimal places defined by ISO 4217 for the currency. The merchant's base currency configured during boarding determines which precision rules apply to the `baseAmount` field. For currencies with 0 decimal places (for example, `JPY` or `CLP`), do not include a decimal point. For all other currencies, include the full decimal representation. The following table shows correctly formatted amounts for three example currencies: | Currency | Amount | Formatted value | | :- | :- | :- | | Euro (`EUR`, 2 decimal places) | 100 | `100.00` | | Japanese yen (`JPY`, 0 decimal places) | 7,636 | `7636` | | Iraqi dinar (`IQD`, 3 decimal places) | 125 | `125.000` | ### V-file and I-file In the V-file and I-file fixed-width formats, amounts are expressed as unsigned integers in minor units. Do not include a decimal point. Each amount field is 11 characters wide, right-justified, and zero-padded. The merchant's base currency configured during boarding determines which precision rules apply to the base amount field (Segment 1, positions 37 to 47\). For currencies with 0 decimal places (for example, `JPY` or `CLP`), the amount must have two zeros appended in the last two positions of the 11-character field. This is because the field format reserves the last two positions for minor units regardless of currency precision. The following table shows correctly encoded 11-character amount fields for a V-file or I-file: | Currency | Amount | Field value (11 characters) | | :- | :- | :- | | Japanese yen (`JPY`, 0 decimal places) | 241,832 | `00024183200` | | US dollar (`USD`, 2 decimal places) | 124.78 | `00000012478` | | Kuwaiti dinar (`KWD`, 3 decimal places) | 125.000 | `00000125000` | ## Common precision errors Incorrect amount precision is one of the most common causes of transaction rejection. The following table describes common precision errors and how to resolve them. | Error | Cause | Resolution | | :- | :- | :- | | XML I-file transaction rejected for invalid amount | Amount does not match the ISO 4217 decimal places for the currency (for example, `100` instead of `100.00` for `EUR`). | Apply the decimal places from the table in [Decimal places by currency](#decimal-places-by-currency). Do not include a decimal point for zero-decimal currencies such as `JPY`. | | V-file or I-file amount field fails validation | Amount includes a decimal point or is not in minor units (for example, `100.00` instead of `00000010000` for `USD`). | Express all V-file and I-file amounts as unsigned integers in minor units without a decimal point. | | Zero-decimal currency amount is 9 characters instead of 11 | The two trailing zeros are missing from a zero-decimal currency amount in a V-file or I-file (for example, `000241832` instead of `00024183200` for `JPY`). | Append two zeros to zero-decimal currency amounts to fill the last two positions of the 11-character field. | ## Next steps Use the following resources after reviewing this reference. * [Currency codes](https://docs.fexco.com/dcc/developer-resources/codes/currency.md): look up ISO 4217 numeric and alphabetic currency codes used in transaction files and boarding. * [XML I-file reference](https://docs.fexco.com/dcc/developer-resources/file-formats/xml-i-file.md): review amount field specifications for the XML transaction file format. * [V-file reference](https://docs.fexco.com/dcc/developer-resources/file-formats/v-file.md): review segment field specifications for the V-file fixed-width format. * [I-file reference](https://docs.fexco.com/dcc/developer-resources/file-formats/i-file.md): review segment field specifications for the I-file fixed-width format. 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